Spanish menstrual literacy and experiences of menstruation.

There is growing recognition of the important role menstrual health plays in achieving health, education, and gender equity. Yet, stigmatisation and taboo remain present and negative emotions like fear and shame dominate the narrative when speaking about periods. This paper analyses how formal and informal menstrual education is received in Spain, to understand the role of menstrual health literacy in the way menstruation is experienced, and to identify what information would be useful to integrate into formal menstrual education. An online survey with more than 4000 participants (aged between 14 and 80, both people who will/do/have previously menstruate/d and those who do not menstruate) was conducted. Data was gathered using the digital platform Typeform, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software and qualitative data was thematically analysed using Nvivo. Many participants declared not having received sufficient information on menstruation prior to menarche, particularly about how to physically manage it. Furthermore, negative emotions like shame, worry, and fear were recurrently reported to describe menarche; this has not changed between generations. Interestingly, we saw an increase in stress and sadness with an increase in perceived knowledge of the reproductive role of menstruation. We did observe a reduction in negative emotions when people who menstruate perceived they had sufficient information on how to manage their first bleeding. It is recommended that menstrual education beyond reproductive biology, particularly including how to physically manage periods, is integrated into school curricula. Menstrual education of everyone - including those who do not menstruate-can improve how periods are experienced in Spain.

B-SCAN ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF VITREOUS DYNAMICS DURING INTRAVITREAL ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIANGIOGENICS.

PURPOSE: To study the distribution of angiogenesis inhibitors (anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) injected into the vitreous cavity by means of simultaneous ultrasonography. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-two B-scan ultrasound sequences of 121 eyes from 95 patients were recorded simultaneously to the intravitreal anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor administration. The dynamics of the injected substance and the presence of reflux were studied, associating them with the presence/absence of total posterior vitreous detachment. RESULTS: Three well-defined patterns were distinguished. Pattern A: the medication penetrates the vitreous in a linear manner until reaching the retina (3.6%, n = 12). Pattern B: the medication adopts a globular shape and then moves down reaching the retrohyaloid space (37%, n = 123). Pattern C: the medication remains in a globular form (54%, n = 180). The pattern was not identified in 17 (5.1%) injections. Pattern A was only observed in vitrectomized eyes. The reflux (7.8%) was exclusive in eyes showing a C pattern. A relationship (P < 0.001) was observed between the presence/absence of total posterior vitreous detachment, the patterns, and the presence of reflux. CONCLUSION: This study document for the first time the behavior of antiangiogenic medication injected into the vitreous cavity and how its distribution and the presence of reflux is conditioned by the previous state of the vitreous body.

Rotura del ligamento cruzado anterior en la mujer deportista: factores de riesgo y programas de prevención / Anterior cruciate ligament injury in the female athlete: risk and prevention

Objetivo: La lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior de la rodilla (LCA) es la segunda lesión deportiva más frecuente tras el esguince de tobillo. Provoca inestabilidad de la rodilla y afecta al rendimiento deportivo, por lo que es importante saber qué lo favorece y cómo lo podemos evitar. En este trabajo se expone la epidemiología de la lesión del LCA haciendo referencia a los factores de riesgo predisponentes y a los programas preventivos de la misma. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido mostrar los factores de riesgo que predisponen a una mayor incidencia de lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior, así como presentar la efectividad de los programas de prevención de la misma. Método: Se ha realizado una revisión de la literatura a través de PubMEd, Cochrane y UpToDate incluyendo los metanálisis o ensayos clínicos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Resultados: La incidencia de lesión es mayor en la mujer que en el hombre con una relación 3:1, y sobre todo se produce en deportes como el fútbol y el baloncesto, donde se realizan ejercicios como pivotar, cambio brusco de dirección en la carrera o frenar de forma brusca. Los factores de riesgo son multifactoriales, entre ellos los únicos modificables son los factores de riesgo biomecánicos y es en ellos donde se centran los programas de prevención. Conclusiones: Las mujeres tienen una mayor incidencia de lesión de LCA. Los programas de prevención se centran en factores de riesgo modificable, principalmente en el entrenamiento neuromuscular y disminuyen de forma estadísticamente significativa tanto en el fútbol como en el balonmano, pero no en el baloncesto. Estos programas se centran en ejercicios de fortalecimiento, control proximal y ejercicios pliométricos

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of the knee is the second most common sports injury after the ankle sprain. It causes knee instability and impacts sport performance. Knowing what predisposes this injury is important to prevent it, specially in women, where the rate is higher. This paper presents the ACL injury epidemiology, making reference to the underlying risk factors and its preventive programmes. The aim of this study was to show the risk factors that predispose to a higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury, as well as to present the effectiveness of the prevention programs. Methods: A literature review through PubMEd, Cochrane and UpToDate has been performed including the meta-analysis or clinical trials published over the past 10 years. Results: The injury incidence rate is three times higher in women than in men. It specially develops in sports like football and basketball, i.e., sports where pivoting, sharp running direction changes or abruptly stopping exercises are more common. The risk factors are multifactorial; and the only adjustable ones are the biomechanical risk factors. Prevention programmes are focused in these factors, trying to enhance strength and biomechanical propioception. Conclusions: After the review we can conclude that ACL injuries are more frequent in women. Prevention programmes focus on neuromuscular training (strengthening exercises, proximal control and plyometric exercises) and they reduces significantly the injury for football and handball players, but not for basketball ones. The programmes focus on strengthening exercises, proximal control and plyometric exercise